Science and citizenship

Rapid advances in science and the emergence of new technologies pose a range of pressing challenges to citizenship. They invite debate about, for instance, the nature of expertise; the framing of knowledge and research questions; processes of public participation and the notions of citizenship they assume; the processes of globalisation influencing technological development, and located responses to these.
In many cases, similar technologies are now being presented as solutions to a range of problems in developed and developing countries alike, but in contexts which are very different - historically, economically, socially and politically.This programme focused on how citizens mobilise to claim rights around knowledge and expertise in relationship to science and the environment.
This programme was convened by Ian Scoones (IDS) and Melissa Leach (IDS) and involved Citizenship DRC researchers from Brazil, South Africa and the UK.
Key documents
-
Science and Citizens: Globalization and the Challenge of Engagement
Leach, Melissa, Ian Scoones and Brian Wynne, eds..
Zed Books: London , 2005
-
Science and Citizens: Local and Global Voices
Leach, Melissa, Ian Scoones and Kristy Cockburn
IDS Policy Briefing No. 30, Institute of Development Studies: Brighton , 2006
-
Mobilising Citizens: Social Movements and the Politics of Knowledge
Leach, Melissa and Ian Scoones
IDS Working Paper No. 276, Institute of Development Studies: Brighton , 2007
Related Publications
-
Mobilizing against GM Crops in India, South Africa and Brazil
Scoones, I
Journal of Agrarian Change, 8(2-3): 315-44. -
Grounding Mbeki's AIDS Stance in "Rationalities"
Robins, S
Cape Times Readership, AugustThis document is not currently available -
Monsanto and Smallholder Farmers: A Case-study on Corporate Account...
Glover, D
IDS Working Paper 277This paper explores one case that illustrates how a particular transnational company has sought to articulate its res...This paper explores one case that illustrates how a particular transnational company has sought to articulate its responsibilities in relation to social and environmental issues and challenges; and how it has developed and implemented strategies and initiatives around these concepts, apparently with the aim of meeting these responsibilities and delivering its commitments in these areas. -
Science and Citizens: Local and Global Voices
Leach, M, Scoones, I & K, Cockburn
IDS Policy Briefing, Issue 30A policy briefing based upon recent research by the Citizenship DRC looks at citizen participation in science and tec...A policy briefing based upon recent research by the Citizenship DRC looks at citizen participation in science and technology debates. It examines current policy contexts, different perspectives on knowledge and expertise and looks at three case studies. -
Science and Citizens: Global and Local Voices
Leach, M & I, Scoones
IDS Policy Briefing, Issue 30Science and technology are key to tackling poverty and promoting better well-being in the modern world, as the Millen...Science and technology are key to tackling poverty and promoting better well-being in the modern world, as the Millennium Development Goals and the Commission for Africaâs findings underline. But how can scientific and technological advances â often played out on a global or corporate stage â translate into innovations that will meet poor peopleâs needs and concerns at a local level? How do rapid scientific advances and new technologies engage with issues of participation and accountability? And in what ways do these rapid changes challenge notions of citizenship and identity? Based on work undertaken by the Science and Citizens programme of the Citizenship, Participation and Accountability Development Research Centre, this IDS Policy Briefing argues that public engagement in scientific debates and policy processes is necessary to address how research agendas are framed and the social purposes they serve, and to ensure that poorer people and communities will benefit from them. -
The Slow Race: Making Science and Technology Work for the Poor
Leach, M & I, Scoones
London: DemosThis document is not currently available -
Myriad Stories: Constructing Expertise and Citizenship in Discussio...
Tutton, R, Kerr, A & S, Cunningham-Burley
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the Challenge of Engagement. London: ZedDue to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordere...Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordered from Zed Books at www.zedbooks.co.uk/citizenship or purchased at the IDS bookstore. -
Democratizing Science in the UK: The Case of Radioactive Waste Mana...
Chilvers, J
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the challenge of Engagement. London: ZedDue to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordere...Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordered from Zed Books at www.zedbooks.co.uk/citizenship or purchased at the IDS bookstore. -
Knowledge, Justice and Democracy
Visvanathan, S
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the Challenge of Engagement. London: ZedDue to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordere...Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordered from Zed Books at www.zedbooks.co.uk/citizenship or purchased at the IDS bookstore. -
Risk as Globalising "Democratic" Discourse? Framing Subjects and Ci...
Wynne, B
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the challenge of Engagement. London: ZedDue to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordere...Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordered from Zed Books at www.zedbooks.co.uk/citizenship or purchased at the IDS bookstore. -
Rights Passages from "Near Death" to "New Life": AIDS Activism and ...
Robins, S
IDS Working Paper 251 -
MMR Mobilisation: Citizens and Science in a British Vaccine Controv...
Leach, M
IDS Working Paper 247This paper examines the controversy over measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine in Britain through the lenses of so...This paper examines the controversy over measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine in Britain through the lenses of social movement theory and social studies of science. Since the early 1990s, networks of parents have raised, and mobilised around, concerns that MMR has triggered a particular disease in their children linked to autism and bowel problems, and have been supported in this by certain scientists. In the high-profile and highly-public debate which has ensued, they have challenged established perspectives and institutions in both biomedical science, and public health policy. While much policy and public debate has dismissed their concerns as based on emotion, misinformation or âjunk scienceâ, this paper locates them
as part of a citizen science grounded in parental experience. It tracks how the framing and strategies of parental mobilisation around MMR have developed, in relation to a growing counter-mobilisation from scientists, policy-makers, health professionals and journalists questioning their claims. It argues that the controversy involves differently-framed sciences (clinical vs epidemiological) linked to different political commitments (parentsâ personal concerns and rights as citizen-consumers vs notions of public health).
Each side has nevertheless used similar strategies in deploying science, in exposing the political economy of the otherâs science, and in working through the media. Both these differences of framing, and similarities of strategy, are important to comprehending why the debate has become so heated and polarised, and why it has failed to reach closure. -
Science and Citizenship in a Global Context, Book
Leach, M & I, Scoones
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the Challenge of Engagement. London: Zed.Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordere...Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordered from Zed Books at www.zedbooks.co.uk/citizenship or purchased at the IDS bookstore. -
Introduction: Science, Citizenship and Globalization
Leach, M, Scoones, I & B, Wynne
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the Challenge of Engagement. London: ZedDue to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordere...Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordered from Zed Books at www.zedbooks.co.uk/citizenship or purchased at the IDS bookstore. -
Demystifying Occupational and Environmental Health: Experiences fro...
Murlidhar V
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the Challenge of Engagement. London: ZedDue to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordere...Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordered from Zed Books at www.zedbooks.co.uk/citizenship or purchased at the IDS bookstore. -
AIDS, Science and Citizenship after Apartheid
Robins, S
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the Challenge of Engagement. London: Zed.Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online.Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. -
Environmental Perception and Political Mobilization in Rio de Janei...
Alonso, A & V, Costa
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the challenge of Engagement. London: ZedDue to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordere...Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordered from Zed Books at www.zedbooks.co.uk/citizenship or purchased at the IDS bookstore. -
"Let Them Eat Cake": GM Foods and the Democratic Imagination
Jasanoff, S
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the Challenge of Engagement. London: ZedDue to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordere...Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordered from Zed Books at www.zedbooks.co.uk/citizenship or purchased at the IDS bookstore. -
From "Medical Miracles" to Normal(ised) Medicine: AIDS treatment, A...
Robins, S
IDS Working Paper 252This paper compares and contrasts the cultures of activism and illness and treatment experiences of UK and South Afri...This paper compares and contrasts the cultures of activism and illness and treatment experiences of UK and South African AIDS activists. By the 1990s AIDS public health discourse in the UK, and elsewhere in the West, was reconfiguring AIDS as a manageable chronic illness that could be treated much like diabetes. By contrast, the introduction of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in the South African public health sector in 2000 was described using quasi-religious phrases and narratives: âthe Lazarus effectâ and âGodâs gift of life.â The paper is concerned with investigating these significant differences between Northern and Southern experiences and responses to ARV treatment. It is specifically interested in the ways in which relatively easy access to treatment in the UK has, in certain cases, contributed towards the individualisation, medicalisation and ânormalisationâ of HIV/AIDS. For example, some of the UK activists I interviewed claimed that the availability of ART through the NHS had âkilled activismâ. The paper shows how the individualising and depoliticising medicalisation processes associated with NHS treatment programmes stand in stark contrast to South Africa, where the ongoing legal and political struggles for treatment access continue to strengthen and sustain collective forms of social activism and mobilisation. The paper explores the implications of these strikingly different treatment contexts, experiences and responses. These include differences in the availability and quality of treatment and health services, infection and mortality rates, socio-economic profile of PWAs, political cultures of activism, and contrasting government and activist responses to the pandemic. In sum, individualising and normalising processes of âmedicalisationâ associated with the NHS are increasingly, it would seem, becoming obstacles to collectivist forms of mobilisation. -
The Politics of Ambiguity in the Time of AIDS
Robins, S
The Sunday Independent, 6 MarchThis document is not currently available -
Part 2 - Beyond Risk: Defining the Terrain - Commentary
Leach, M, Scoones, I & B, Wynne
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the challenge of Engagement. London: ZedDue to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordere...Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordered from Zed Books at www.zedbooks.co.uk/citizenship or purchased at the IDS bookstore. -
Part 3 - Citizens Engaging with Science: Commentary
Leach, M, Scoones, I & B, Wynne
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the challenge of Engagement. London: ZedDue to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordere...Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordered from Zed Books at www.zedbooks.co.uk/citizenship or purchased at the IDS bookstore. -
Part 4 - Participation and the Politics of Engagement: Commentary
Leach, M, Scoones, I & B, Wynne
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the challenge of Engagement. London: ZedDue to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordere...Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordered from Zed Books at www.zedbooks.co.uk/citizenship or purchased at the IDS bookstore. -
Citizens Engaging with Science Commentary
Leach, M, Scoones, I & B, Wynne
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the Challenge of Engagement. London: ZedDue to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordere...Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordered from Zed Books at www.zedbooks.co.uk/citizenship or purchased at the IDS bookstore.
This section presents a series of cases that draw on and extend the themes raised in the last section. They illustrate interactions between publics and science in a variety of settings, raising questions about forms of knowledge, epistemology and expertise. These cases show public engagements with science to be bound up with material struggles for health and livelihoods, and social solidarities that emerge to address these, whether among patient groups in the UK, labour unions in India or HIV/AIDS activists in South Africa. The cases consider how contemporary configurations of the state, civil society, the private sector and international organizations, as well as emergent coalitions and alliances that cross-cut these categories and distinctions, shape the possibilities of different types of citizen engagement. -
Genetic Engineering in Aotearoa, New Zealand: A Case of Opening up ...
Genus, A & T, Rogers-Hayden
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the challenge of Engagement. London: ZedDue to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordere...Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordered from Zed Books at www.zedbooks.co.uk/citizenship or purchased at the IDS bookstore. -
Opening up or Closing down? Analysis, Participation and Power in th...
Stirling, A
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the challenge of Engagement. London: ZedDue to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordere...Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordered from Zed Books at www.zedbooks.co.uk/citizenship or purchased at the IDS bookstore. -
Exploring Food and Farming Futures in Zimbabwe: A Citizens' Jury an...
Rusike, E
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the challenge of Engagement. London: ZedDue to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordere...Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordered from Zed Books at www.zedbooks.co.uk/citizenship or purchased at the IDS bookstore. -
Are Scientists Irrational? Risk Assessment in Practical Reason
Fischer, F
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the challenge of Engagement. London: Zed.Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online.Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. -
Contentious Politics, Contentious Knowledge: Mobilising against Gen...
Scoones, I
IDS Working Paper 256Debates about science and technology are central to the future of development. No recent controversy has highlighted ...Debates about science and technology are central to the future of development. No recent controversy has highlighted this as much as the debates about genetically-modified (GM) crops. Looking at the experiences of anti-GM activism in India, South Africa and Brazil, this paper explores how knowledge and politics are intertwined in mobilisation processes. These interactions are fundamentally shaped by different local and national contexts of history, politics and economics, but also influenced by global connections. Through a documentation of the unfolding of the anti-GM campaigns in the three sites over the past decade, the paper shows how strategic alliances have been formed â across actors and across debates â which have allowed concerns about GM crops to be inserted into public policy debates. The strategies and tactics used by anti-GM activist networks are explored across seven âspacesâ for citizen engagement: formal, invited spaces; informal networking and lobbying; party political and electoral processes; the legal process and the courts; research, practice and demonstration sites; protest and direct action; and the media. The case studies highlight the constraints and limitations of activist mobilisation, and how alternative knowledge framings and perspectives on science, technology and policy are often silenced. The paper concludes with a discussion of the ways forward, focusing on the need to bring consideration of wider politics and values into deliberations about future science and technology options, with a move beyond standard mechanisms and processes for deliberation and negotiation about science and technology policy. -
Interrogating China's Biotechnology Revolution: Contesting Dominant...
Keeley, J
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the challenge of Engagement. London: ZedDue to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordere...Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordered from Zed Books at www.zedbooks.co.uk/citizenship or purchased at the IDS bookstore. -
The Post-normal of Safety
Ravetz, J
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the challenge of Engagement. London: ZedDue to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordere...Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordered from Zed Books at www.zedbooks.co.uk/citizenship or purchased at the IDS bookstore. -
Geographic Information Systems for Participation
Forrester, J & S, Cinderby
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the Challenge of Engagement. London: ZedDue to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordere...Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordered from Zed Books at www.zedbooks.co.uk/citizenship or purchased at the IDS bookstore. -
Absentee Expertise: Science Advice for Biotechnology Regulation in ...
Jansen, K & E, Roquas
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the Challenge of Engagement. London: ZedDue to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online.Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. -
Plant Biotechnology and the Rights of the Poor: A Technographic App...
Richards, P
In M Leach, I Scoones & B Wynne (eds) Science and Citizens: Globalization and the Challenge of Engagement. London: ZedDue to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordere...Due to copyright restrictions, we can only share the first three pages of this chapter online. The book can be ordered from Zed Books at www.zedbooks.co.uk/citizenship or purchased at the IDS bookstore. -
When Social Movements Bypass the Poor: Asbestos Pollution, Internat...
Waldman, L
IDS Working Paper 246This paper examines citizen mobilisation and activism in relation to asbestos disease and litigation. Although the li...This paper examines citizen mobilisation and activism in relation to asbestos disease and litigation. Although the litigation of Cape plc, a British company mining asbestos in South Africa, has been seen as a success story in which local activists worked alongside international lawyers and environmental campaigners to force Cape plc to pay compensation to 7,500 former employees with asbestos-related diseases, many claimants experienced this case as a bitter defeat. The paper explores these divergent interpretations of the same litigation case, focusing on the experiences of two towns in the Northern Cape, South Africa, namely Prieska and Griquatown and on the claimantsâ perspectives. The literature of social movements, political mobilisation, ethnic identity and millenarian movements is drawn upon in relation to
the everyday economic and cultural experiences of people in these Northern Cape towns. In contrasting the relative isolation experienced by Griquatown residents with the networking and mobilisation process taking place in Prieska, the paper argues that this isolation undermines citizensâ ability to frame asbestos disease litigation as an international victory and as a case of justice being done. Instead claimants interpret their experiences in terms of local factors, including poverty, the history of asbestos payment, religious beliefs and, ultimately, in an idiom that corresponds with their ethnic identity. The paper thus suggests that neither theories of social mobilisation nor millenarian movements alone can adequately explain peopleâs emic interpretations of international litigation and political mobilisation. Rather, it is the linkages between these literatures, informed by an understanding of local ethnic identity, which provides a framework for understanding social behaviour. -
Migrants and Water Service Delivery in the Western Cape
Thompson, L & T, Matheza
Occasional Paper, No. 2This paper follows on from the work of Sinclair and Meintjies on internal migration in South Africa and its political...This paper follows on from the work of Sinclair and Meintjies on internal migration in South Africa and its political, social and economic implications, both in terms of the social realities of migrants and the broader political context within which internal migrants are located. Over the last ten years internal migration in South Africa has been characterised by a steady influx of former âbantustanâ residents into urban contexts in the former âwhite South Africaâ, particularly those cities which are seen as holding potential for employment opportunities. Thus Johannesburg, Pretoria, Durban, Bloemfontein and Cape Town have had the largest influx of... -
Rethinking Rights and Responsibilities in a Time of AIDS
Robins, S
The Sunday Independent -
Remaking Citizenship, Unmaking Marginalization: The Treatment Actio...
Canadian Journal of African Studies, 38(3): 575-86 -
ARVs Bring Hope to Lusikisiki
Robins, S
The Sunday Independent, MarchThis document is not currently available -
"Long Live Zackie, Long Live": AIDS Activism, Science and Citizensh...
Robins, S
Journal of Southern African Studies, 30(3): 651-72This article analyses the complex cultural politics of HIV/AIDS in South Africa. It focuses on how AIDS dissident sci...This article analyses the complex cultural politics of HIV/AIDS in South Africa. It focuses on how AIDS dissident science impacted on policy discourses and how AIDS activists, together with scientists, the media and health professionals, responded. It also shows how the HIV/AIDS debate and struggles over access to treatment were framed by historically embedded cultural and political interpretations of AIDS that were a product of South Africas apartheid and post-apartheid history. However, rather than adopting a cultural nationalist response to this historical legacy, activists from the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC) deployed a class-based politics that concentrated on access to anti-retroviral drugs rather than debates on the complexities of AIDS causation. This approach contrasts with attempts by AIDS activists in the United States to influence the production of scientific knowledge on AIDS directly, for example, research funding and protocols for trials. The article discusses how TAC and its partner organisation, Medicins Sans FrontiÃres (MSF - Doctors without Borders), strategically positioned themselves in the struggle for access to AIDS drugs, and how new forms of health citizenship, gendered identities and political subjectivities emerged in the course of these struggles. For example, ideas of bodily autonomy associated with liberal individualist conceptions of citizenship collided with patriarchal cultural ideas and practices that prevent many women from accessing biomedical interventions (for example, contraception, HIV testing and treatment). The biomedical paradigm that underpinned TAC/ MSF campaigns also had to contend with local understandings of misfortune and illness. While TACs strategies included networking with global civil society organisations such as MSF, Health Gap, and Oxfam, they also involved grassroots mobilisation and an engagement with local socio-cultural realities. This brand of health activism produced solidarities that straddled local, national and global spaces, resembling what Arjun Appadurai and others describe as globalisation from below. -
Division with San Community not the Only Factor in Land Fiasco
Robins, S
The Sunday Independent, DecemberThis document is not currently available -
Rights and Participation of Communities in the South in Global Envi...
Thompson, L
UWC Working Paper, Citizenship, Participation, and Accountability Series No. 2This document is not currently available -
Not about Knowledge, but Numbers? An Examination of the Notion of S...
Thompson, L
UWC Working Paper, No. 1, Citizenship, Participation and Accountability seriesThis paper continues research on citizenship, science and risk, examining the nexus between âdevelopmental expertis...This paper continues research on citizenship, science and risk, examining the nexus between âdevelopmental expertiseâ on water management and technological innovation, and the recent developmental stress on local participation. It examines the ways in which water as a scarce resource has featured in global and national policy discourses, with particular attention to the question of the governance of water and stakeholder participation. Water as a scarce resource in international relations (IR) literature, it is argued, tends to conflate notions of community participation around regional and global resources with the management of natural resources by governments on behalf of the people. Where participation does take place it tends towards nominal representation, the principal goal seeming to be achieving parity of representation in terms of relevant âstakeholderâ criteria.
The paper draws on case study material collated on participatory water resources management in Zimbabwe, where catchments councils have ostensibly aimed at âmanaging waterâ through participatory approaches that also recognise the transboundary nature of this resource, as well as the ways in which âcommunityâ identity may be more ecologically than geographically determined. -
Science and Citizenship in a Global Context
Leach, M & I, Scoones
IDS Working Paper 205 -
At the limits of spatial government: a message from the tip of Africa
Robins, S
In Third World Quarterly, 23 (4): 665-689ABSTRACT Urban studies scholars drawing on Foucaultâs analysis of governmentality have investigated how urban socia...ABSTRACT Urban studies scholars drawing on Foucaultâs analysis of governmentality have investigated how urban social orders are increasingly more concerned with the management of space rather than on the discipline of offenders or the punishment of offences (Merry, 2001). This paper examines the ârationality â and efficacy of spatial governmentality in post-aparthei d Cape Town, and shows how the city has increasingly become a âfortress cityâ (Davis, 1990), much like cities such as Los Angeles, Sao Paolo and Rio de Janeiro. These âglobal citiesâ are increasingly characterised by privatised security systems in middle class suburbs, shopping malls and gated communities (Caldeira, 1999).
These spatial forms of governmentality draw on sophisticated security systems comprising razor wire and electrified walls, burglar alarms and safe rooms, as well as vicious guard dogs, neighbourhood watches, private security companies, and automated surveillance cameras. On the other side of the race and class divide are urban ghettoes characterised by growing poverty and everyday violence. These socio-spati al inequalities continue to be reproduced despite urban planning initiatives aimed at desegregating the apartheid city. Although the media and the middle classes highlight the dangers of crime and violence, they tend to ignore the structures of inequality that fuel the growth of crime syndicates and violent drug economies that are reproducing these urban governance crises. Given the diminished resources of the neo-liberal state, the policing of middle class residential and business districts is increasingly being âoutsourcedâ to private security companies. In working class neighbourhoods of Cape Town such as Manenberg, the state has attempted to re-establish governance by resorting to new forms of spatial governmentality. The paper draws attention to the limits of these attempts to assert state control through the management of space. Spatial governance in places like Manenberg will continue to be relatively ineffectual given existing levels of social inequality and racial
polarization. Such processes are reproduced by massive unemployment and racialised poverty resulting from socio-spatial legacies of apartheid and Cape Townâs shift from a manufacturing to a tourist, IT and financial services economy. Although this paper focuses on attempts at re-establishing governance in a crime and gangster-ridden working class neighbourhood of Cape Town, it addresses these issues in relation to city-wide shifts to new forms of spatial
governmentality after apartheid. -
Ciencias Sociais e Meio Ambiente no Brasil: um balanço bibliografico
Alonso, A & V, Costa
In Revista Brasileira de Informações Bibliograficas em Ciencias Sociais, (Brazilian Journal of Social Sciences Literature Reviews), 53: 35- 78This document is not currently available -
Para uma sociologia dos conflitos ambientais no Brasil
Alonso, A & V, Acosta
In Alimonda, H. (ed) EcologÃa PolÃtica. Naturaleza, Sociedad y UtopÃa. Buenos Aires: CLACSONas duas últimas décadas do século XX, a questão ambiental alcançou ostatus de problema global e tem mobilizado ...Nas duas últimas décadas do século XX, a questão ambiental alcançou ostatus de problema global e tem mobilizado não apenas a sociedade civil organizada, os meios de comunicação, mas os governos de todas as regiões do planeta. Frank, Hironaga e Schofer (2000: 96-116) sustentam que o processo de disseminação global de práticas e a adoção de instituições visando à proteção ambiental estão correlacionados com a difusão de concepções e conhecimentos desenvolvidos por ONGs e organizações cientÃficas vinculadas à perspectiva ambientalista. Frederick Buttel (2000: 117-121), outro importante sociólogo ambiental, contesta, no entanto, o otimismo da conclusão anterior,
a rgumentando que a ampla difusão da preocupação de governos e setores da sociedade civil com os problemas ambientais ou mesmo a extensa agenda de discussões em fóruns internacionais não resultou em um consenso em torno de soluções. Ao contrário, à medida que se ampliou e se aprofundou o debate, os conflitos se tornaram mais agudos e as soluções mais problemáticas do que se poderia imaginar 30 anos atrás. -
Race, cultural identity and AIDS
Robins, S
In The Sunday Independent July 7 2002This document is not currently available -
Citizenship, Science and Risk: Conceptualizing Relationships across...
Leach, M, Scoones, I & L, Thompson
IDS Bulletin 33(2)Shifting relationships between science and society, and responses to science-related risk and uncertainty, are centra...Shifting relationships between science and society, and responses to science-related risk and uncertainty, are central to practices of citizenship and their expression and to questions around the subject of participation. This article reports on the preliminary phase and inception workshop of a Development Research Centre (DRC) project to explore the dynamics of citizenship, science and risk across a range of issues and settings. It reflects on the potential for cross-learning between analytical traditions that have focused respectively on northern and southern settings, and on questions of participation in scientific and technological processes, and the notions of citizenship that they imply. It then considers how the internationalisation of science and governance are shaping both the generation and regulation of technology and risks, and patterns of engagement between citizens and experts. It outlines a notion of knowledge rights in scientific decision-making which could in turn help create and consolidate other forms of citizenship rights.