The Government of Ghana Ministry of Sanitation and Water Resources (MSWR) has created basic sanitation guidelines to achieve 100 percent open defecation-free (ODF) status and equitable and adequate access to sanitation and hygiene for all by 2030, with special emphasis on the poor and vulnerable.

Emotional demonstrations (emo-demos) are used in behaviour-centred design to trigger behaviour changes, such as handwashing with soap, by creating disgust and shame. This eight-page case study presents the emo-demo for triggering behaviour changes at vaccination centres, which were found to be ideal places to raise awareness of the importance of washing hands with soap among pregnant women, mothers and caregivers.

CLTS rapid Appraisal Protocol (CRAP) is a diagnostic tool to review the quality and effectiveness of CLTS programming in a country. The success of CLTS in triggering communities for collective behaviour change has been a global phenomenon. However achieving scale in a planned, coordinated and consistent manner to move beyond ODF villages towards generating ODF districts, regions and nations has been challenging. Furthermore, wide variations have been found in the quality of implementation, rolling out and outcomes across different countries.