Despite significant progress in increasing sanitation uptake in Cambodia, 60% of the country’s rural population still practices open defecation. Both the Government of Cambodia and a range of development agencies are working to address the issue. Development organisations are present in many provinces (15 of 25), and major achievements have been made in expanding access to sanitation in recent years. A commonly employed approach is sanitation marketing, working through small-scale enterprises to deliver products and services in rural areas.

This study examined the sanitation hardware supply chain in rural, low density settings in Indonesia and Vietnam. Actual costs along the chains were investigated to understand the challenges and opportunities to support affordable sanitation in remote, rural locations. Data was collected from four remote districts in Indonesia and Vietnam through a systematic value-chain analysis comprising 378 interviews across households and supply chain actors and both quantitative and qualitative analysis.