This is the final report of a project in which CLTS was analysed using the RANAS (Risks, Attitudes, Norms, Abilities, and Self‐regulation) approach. In this project, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, two cross sectional studies in Cambodia and Mozambique and one big field experiment with 3120 households in northern Ghana were conducted. The following research questions were addressed in this study:

• How do CLTS participants perceive different activities of the CLTS triggering event?
• Which factors of the CLTS implementation process are most predictive for CLTS achievements in terms of community’s latrine coverage?
• Does CLTS successfully provoke latrine construction and stop open defecation (compared to a control group)?
• What are the mechanisms that lead CLTS to success? In terms of psychological determinants and potential moderating factors?
• Can CLTS be improved by combining it with evidence-based, behavioural change strategies based on the RANAS-model of behaviour change?
• Which characteristics of communities describe a fertile ground for CLTS to be most effective in stopping open defecation?