Gender equality, serving the most vulnerable, and addressing the particular needs of women and girls are among the core principles of the Global Sanitation Fund (GSF). Since its launch in 2008 by the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC), the GSF has been committed to these principles in the sanitation and hygiene behaviour change programmes it supports. However, challenges have been identified in sufficiently addressing these principles, such as disaggregating data by gender to assess progress. In order to better understand the link between gender dynamics and the impact of its Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) interventions, the GSF supported a study in a small number of communities in Madagascar in 2015. These communities are in the area covered by the GSF-supported programme in Madagascar, known locally as ‘Fonds d’Appui pour l’Assainissement’ (FAA). This ‘GSF in focus’ case study highlights and reflects on the study.