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Research

Scaling Market-Based Sanitation: Desk Review on Market-Based Rural Sanitation Development Programs

The scale of investment required to deliver sanitation goods and services to those who lack access is beyond the capacity of public finance alone. The private sector has already proven itself a key player in the financing, construction, and operation of municipal water supply and wastewater systems in both developed and developing world settings, and has a significant role to play in the provision of onsite sanitation.

Date: 4 February 2019

Changes in open defecation in rural north India: 2014 – 2018

This paper reports on two surveys in rural north India. The first survey visited rural Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh in late 2018. It collected data on 9,812 people and interviewed 156 local government officials. The second survey, in Udaipur district, visited 505 households in 19 villages and 60 households in two census towns.
This new research sheds light on what the SBM did and on changes in open defecation since 2014. It is informative about changes because researchers revisited families who participated in a 2014 survey.

Date: 31 January 2019
Country: 

Determining the effectiveness and mode of operation of Community-Led total Sanitation: The DEMO-CLTS study

This is the final report of a project in which CLTS was analysed using the RANAS (Risks, Attitudes, Norms, Abilities, and Self‐regulation) approach. In this project, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, two cross sectional studies in Cambodia and Mozambique and one big field experiment with 3120 households in northern Ghana were conducted. The following research questions were addressed in this study:

Date: 20 December 2018
Country: 

Impact of social capital, harassment of women and girls, and water and sanitation access on premature birth and low infant birth weight in India

Globally, preterm birth (PTB) and low infant birth weight (LBW) are leading causes of maternal and child morbidity and mortality. Inadequate water and sanitation access (WASH) are risk factors for PTB and LBW in low-income countries. Physical stress from carrying water and psychosocial stress from addressing sanitation needs in the open may be mechanisms underlying these associations. If so, then living in a community with strong social capital should be able to buffer the adverse effects of WASH on birth outcomes.

Date: 12 November 2018
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Toilet revolution in China

The widespread prevalence of unimproved sanitation technologies has been a major cause of concern for the environment and public health, and China is no exception to this. Towards the sanitation issue, toilet revolution has become a buzzword in China recently. This paper elaborates the backgrounds, connotations, and actions of the toilet revolution in China. The toilet revolution aims to create sanitation infrastructure and public services that work for everyone and that turn waste into value.

Date: 9 November 2018
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Can direct benefit transfer strengthen the Swachh Bharat Mission? Learnings from three districts in Madhya Pradesh, India

In order to address some of the challenges faced in implementation of Indian government's flagship programme Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin), the Madhya Pradesh state government introduced the direct benefit transfer of incentives to beneficiary households in 2016. This system uses an android application and web portal for digitising the processes, resulting in direct transfer of toilet construction incentives into beneficiaries' bank accounts.

Date: 15 October 2018
Country: 

Using immersive research to understand rural sanitation: lessons from the Swachh Bharat Mission in India

This WEDC conference paper focuses on an Immersive Research Approach designed by Praxis, IDS and WaterAid whereby researchers lived in villages in recently declared open defecation free districts, to gain an in-depth understanding of ground realities and community perspectives of the Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin. The study shed light on key aspects and dynamics influencing local ownership, behaviour change and construction quality, and also revealed multifaceted exclusion processes.

Date: 15 October 2018
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Comprehending practitioners’ assessments of community-led total sanitation

Around 2.3 billion people in developing countries still lack access to improved sanitation facilities and almost one billion practice open defecation (OD). Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) has recently become a particularly popular approach used in more than 60 countries. It is a behaviour change approach that aims to ignite community action and make OD socially unacceptable without providing any external financial or material support to individual households. Also sometimes perceived as a revolutionary approach that has proven to be highly cost-effective in abolishing OD.

Date: 15 October 2018

Rapid monitoring and evaluation of a community-led total sanitation program using smartphones

India accounts for around 50 percent of the world’s open defecation, and under a World Bank initiative, a rural district was selected to be the first open defecation-free (ODF) district in Punjab. Considering this, the current study aims to evaluate the application and impact of a smartphone-based instant messaging app (IMA) on the process of making Fatehgarh Sahib an ODF district.

Date: 15 October 2018
Country: 

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